"Fine if it's for a favor the person has done, but obnoxious if it's a command disguised as premature gratitude," Schwalbe says. Licht agrees. It "comes off as not really that thankful," she says. While it doesn't particularly bother Pachter, the consensus is that you can probably do better. Skip.
2. Thanks again
Again, Schwalbe and Licht aren't fans. It's "even worse then 'thanks' if it's a command and not genuine gratitude," he says.
3. Thanks!
Everyone agrees that what Schwalbe calls the "whole 'thanks' family" really only makes sense when you're genuinely thanking someone for an actual thing they did for you. That said, the exclamation-pointed version is Licht's go-to for internal communication when she's expressing actual gratitude. It's happy and sincere, she says. (Schwalbe, too, considers himself a general "fan of exclamation points," within reason.)
4. Thanks so much
Licht and Pachter think it's fine. Schwalbe has had enough of my questions about the "thanks" family.
5. Best
I really want someone to argue that the ubiquitous "best" is actually terrible — a pleasantly contrarian opinion — but no one does. The "best" backlash is "a media invention," Schwalbe says. All three experts agree that it's probably among the safest possible choices, inoffensive, and almost universally appropriate.
6. All best
Pachter notes that in general, the rule is that the more words you use, the more formal the closing, which makes "all best" slightly more formal than "best." Licht, though, isn't a fan of this one, calling it "too effusive."
"Are you really sending ALL your best, or just some?"
Still, it's a relatively safe choice.
7. Best wishes
"Ever so slightly more formal than 'all best' or 'best,' it's a good one for initial contact," Schwalbe says. Licht thinks it's "stuffy." Another pretty low-risk option.
8. Sincerely
"Is this a cover letter? Because otherwise, no," says Licht. "Very formal, and could seem cold if it follows more intimate sign-offs," Schwalbe cautions. But Pachter feels that it all depends on the opening salutation. If you began with "dear," then "sincerely" is appropriate, she says.
9. Looking forward
Totally fine, they agree — assuming you're actually going to see that person in the near future.
10. Speak with you soon
"Only if you really want to," Schwalbe says. If you do, though, it's a good option.
11. Talk soon
The more casual cousin of "speak with you soon," this one follows pretty much the same rules as its relative. If you actually will be talking soon, it's fine (though Licht isn't sold on it). If you don't actually plan to talk soon, it's insincere.
12. More soon
"You are committing yourself to a second reply," Schwalbe cautions. "Do you really want to do that? Or should you just take a moment and answer the thing properly right now?" Licht feels even more strongly. "Promises can be forgotten, she says. "Under-promise, over-deliver." Skip.
13. xx
"Absolutely not," says Pachter, who feels it's just not professional. But Schwalbe says it has become "remarkably accepted even in casual (very casual) business correspondence."
That said, it's "best to use in reply to someone else who is using and not initiate."
Licht says she uses a version of it herself — "Aliza x" — for "friendly yet professional" notes, but agrees you have to have a "pre-existing close relationship." Use cautiously.
14. xoxo
Ironically, it's the hugs, not the kisses that make this one inappropriate. While "xx" may have a place in the working world, "xoxo" is "really for dear friends and people with whom you are even more intimate," Schwalbe says.
15. Warmly
A fan of the whole "warm" family, Schwalbe thinks "warmly" is less formal than "sincerely," but a little more formal than the whole "best" family, and Pachter likes it, too.
Licht, however, is unimpressed. "Snorefest," she says.
16. Warmest
This one is unexpectedly controversial: Schwalbe likes it, Licht thinks it's a "double snorefest," and Pachter finds it "a little teenage." Tread carefully.
17. Cheers
"It's fine," Pachter says, though she's not sold on it. "It always seems a bit like you want to be Australian," Schwalbe says.
To Licht, it seems "pretentious, unless you're actually British."
Schwalbe suggests a test: Would you say it to people in person? If so, go for it. If not, reserve it for the British.
18. — [your name]
Licht and Schwalbe agree it's "cold" and "abrupt."
19. First initial ("A.")
The problem here is confusion. "I personally don't like it," Pachter says. "What does it stand for? I guess it's okay, but it's not something I would do."
Schwalbe points out that unless you know someone well, it's annoying because "you aren't telling them what to call you. If I do "W," people don't know if I'm "Will" or "William."
20. [nothing at all]
While it's "absolutely fine as a chain progresses," Schwalbe says, "it's nice to end the first volley with a sign off." Once a conversation is underway, though, Pachter approves of getting rid of both the salutation and the close.
21. Yours
"I never understood this one," Licht says. "Yours what?" If you are going to use it, though, Schwalbe says it's one of the more formal options, though it's not quite as formal as "sincerely."
22. Yours truly
According to Pachter's "more words, more formal" rule, this is a step above "yours." Still, Licht says it strikes her as "fake."
23. Yours faithfully
"I always assume it's going to be a marriage proposal," Pachter says. Don't use it.
24. Respectfully
"A little stiff," Schwalbe says. "Also, it brings to mind, for people of a certain age, Diana Ross singing 'Upside Down.'" Unless you're addressing the President of the United States, Licht says it's too formal.
If you do happen to be addressing POTUS, though, you're on the right track. A variation — "respectfully yours" — is indeed the standard close for addressing government officials and clergy, Pachter explains.
25. Regards
"Hate, hate, hate," says Licht, though she says she hates the supposedly more casual abbreviated version — "Rgds" — even more. "It's like you're so busy you can't even spell it."
Schwalbe, however, doesn't mind it. "Nice," he says, noting that it's "a little formal." Think of it as equivalent to the "warm" family, he advises.
26. Take care
Licht gives it a lukewarm "ehh," and Schwalbe says it provokes anxiety. "I feel this is akin to 'safe travels,' albeit with a slightly medical connotation." It makes him "a bit paranoid," he says. "Like you know I'm in danger and I don't."
27. Looking forward to hearing from you
A minefield of power dynamics, this one is "a bit presumptuous, but fine if you are doing a favor for someone," Shwalbe says. It's not fine, however, if you're the one asking.
Plus, as Licht points out, it puts you in a "subservient position where you can't take action, but must wait for the other person's cue."
28. VB
Licht says that while this one doesn't seem to have made it across the Atlantic yet, her British colleague sees VB — for "very best" — a lot. It's "cooler and more casual," she says, though "some might not get it and think it's Victoria Beckham or something." Still, she says she could get behind it.
29. As ever
This one is Schwalbe's personal favorite for repeated contacts. "There's something very reassuring about 'As ever.' It means, whatever you were, you still are that. Nothing has changed."
And on a recent CNAS podcast, he described what he called his "conservative" view on AI in the real world: "E
Google hired Moore to oversee the AI efforts within Google Cloud, the unit that offers Google's popular cloud-computing services, such as data storage, computing and machine learning. He replaces Li, who has returned to her professorship at Stanford.